Stages in child development

Cooling stage 

This occurs as early as 6 weeks and during this stage infants will begin to spontaneously make cooling sounds such as "aaaaa" and "oooo" at this stage children are learning to make sounds by manipulating their tongues, mouths and breathing. this behaviour happens when a child is alone and clearly indicates the child is experimenting with making sounds. At 8-20 weeks phonology allows the child to improve his/her voice control.

Babbling stage 

Babbling is a stage in child development in which an infant is experimenting with different utterings to articulate sounds but without any recognized words. Babbling begins shortly after birth and progresses as the infant gets older. They would begin to produce recognizable words after about 12 months though babbling may continue after that. there are 2 types of babbling , reduplicated babbling and variegated babbling.

Verbal scribbling

vocal play is the main event in the 20-30 week period. babies play with their voices changing pitch, loudness, rate and quality. as the baby discovers she/he can blow air through their lips you may hear raspberries and wet trills. Varied vowel like and consonant sounds including nasal sounds like mmm and nnn and fricatives fff are produced. the child also produces a range of sounds such as glides- low to high pitch and vice versa, to practice a variety of sounds. toward the end of the stage noises of consonants and sounds sound like they are together. 

Melodic utterance stage 

This stage occurs at 9-18 months and is the 4th stage of child language acquisition and is when the child starts to develop their skills in intonation, melody and rhythm. the child begins to understand the meaning of what theyre saying, however as they cannot properly talk they are often misunderstood by their parents, which fustrates the child.

Lexical and grammatical development   

Stage 1: holophrastic 

this occurs during the 12-18 month age range and the child utters their first word. they can build a vocabulary of holophrases- which can reach around 50 words. they are holophrases and not words because they convey all the meaning of a phrase/ sentence through language intonation and volume

stage 2: two word

this occurs at around 18 months and the child begins to use two words at a time. this can also be referred to 

language theories

Theories

 Theory 1: power 

This theory is relevant to my investigation because it will consist of various footballers being interviewed by the media post match and in this interview there will clearly be a more powerful participant and according to Fairclough there is instrumental and influential power and this can be determined by lexis such as formal, informal, slang, jargon etc. using fillers and how fluently their speech is can also be an indicator to who is the more dominant participant in the conversation. The dominant participant will generally set the agenda of the conversation, leads the talk, changes the topic freely, interrupt and overlap. the more submissive participant will respond rather than initiate,follow the set agenda and use fillers and be less confident.

Theory 2: politeness theory

This theory was made by Brown and Levinson and it includes elements such as face threatening acts which suggests that positive and negative face exist universally in human nature. facial expression are sometimes inevitable during conversations. An FTA  damages the face of the addressee or the speaker by acting differently to the others wants. An FTA can either be positive or negative. A negative FTA is when an individual doesn't try to avoid an obstruction in the conversation, this can affect the reader or the hearer. A positive FTA is when the speaker or hearer doesn't care about the speakers feelings,wants and needs. this can also have an affect on the hearer/reader.

Theory 3: 3 different types of power:

Wareings'  research suggested that there are 3 different types of power. these are: social group, personal and political. this could be useful to my investigation as in the dialect this theory could suggest what type of power each participant hold in the conversation.

 

coursework sources for A2

Sources

http://www.skysports.com/football/

http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11890/9978251/bayern-munich-rejected-offer-for-thomas-muller-says-president

http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34148777

http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34149597

http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11863/9978327/mario-balotelli-scores-on-second-debut-for-ac-milan-in-friendly-win

http://www.skysports.com/watch/video/sports/football